『壹』 如何写保险互联网营销论文参考文献
论文以叙述和描写为主，但往往兼有抒情和议论，是一种形式多样，笔墨灵活的文体，也是最广泛的文体。
论文写作，是把自己的亲身感受和经历通过生动、形象的语言，描述给读者。
『贰』 急求关于网络保险的英文文献！！！
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%AA
网络保险
Internet Insurance
Network insurance
Net Insurance
保险学 Insurance
http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=uO8F501cxuoC&pg=PA350&lpg=PA350&dq=Net+Insurance&source=web&ots=2KPcc5u3X0&sig=bRLwUXiMe3TPmu-8v1DrVW5G9vg&hl=en
http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LsbY6WPo41oC&pg=PT323&lpg=PT323&dq=Net+Insurance&source=web&ots=gVkdB3wlNS&sig=pQXWstUk4boO4TcpHZOh4bKJyzY&hl=en
http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=xP5d0OcQDScC&pg=PA189&lpg=PA189&dq=Net+Insurance&source=web&ots=dFsvdx1W4f&sig=6tPP8qP_A04ViEF7nN2fP7jtc04&hl=en
Insurance, in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for a premium. An insurer is a company selling the insurance. The insurance rate is a factor used to determine the amount, called the premium, to be charged for a certain amount of insurance coverage. Risk management, the practice of appraising and controlling risk, has evolved as a discrete field of study and practice.
Principles of insurance
A large number of homogeneous exposure units. The vast majority of insurance policies are provided for indivial members of very large classes. Automobile insurance, for example, covered about 175 million automobiles in the United States in 2004.[2] The existence of a large number of homogeneous exposure units allows insurers to benefit from the so-called “law of large numbers,” which in effect states that as the number of exposure units increases, the actual results are increasingly likely to become close to expected results. There are exceptions to this criterion. Lloyd's of London is famous for insuring the life or health of actors, actresses and sports figures. Satellite Launch insurance covers events that are infrequent. Large commercial property policies may insure exceptional properties for which there are no ‘homogeneous’ exposure units. Despite failing on this criterion, many exposures like these are generally considered to be insurable.
Definite Loss. The event that gives rise to the loss that is subject to insurance should, at least in principle, take place at a known time, in a known place, and from a known cause. The classic example is death of an insured on a life insurance policy. Fire, automobile accidents, and worker injuries may all easily meet this criterion. Other types of losses may only be definite in theory. Occupational disease, for instance, may involve prolonged exposure to injurious conditions where no specific time, place or cause is identifiable. Ideally, the time, place and cause of a loss should be clear enough that a reasonable person, with sufficient information, could objectively verify all three elements.
Accidental Loss. The event that constitutes the trigger of a claim should be fortuitous, or at least outside the control of the beneficiary of the insurance. The loss should be ‘pure,’ in the sense that it results from an event for which there is only the opportunity for cost. Events that contain speculative elements, such as ordinary business risks, are generally not considered insurable.
Large Loss. The size of the loss must be meaningful from the perspective of the insured. Insurance premiums need to cover both the expected cost of losses, plus the cost of issuing and administering the policy, adjusting losses, and supplying the capital needed to reasonably assure that the insurer will be able to pay claims. For small losses these latter costs may be several times the size of the expected cost of losses. There is little point in paying such costs unless the protection offered has real value to a buyer.
Affordable Premium. If the likelihood of an insured event is so high, or the cost of the event so large, that the resulting premium is large relative to the amount of protection offered, it is not likely that anyone will buy insurance, even if on offer. Further, as the accounting profession formally recognizes in financial accounting standards, the premium cannot be so large that there is not a reasonable chance of a significant loss to the insurer. If there is no such chance of loss, the transaction may have the form of insurance, but not the substance. (See the U.S. Financial Accounting Standards Board standard number 113)
Calculable Loss. There are two elements that must be at least estimable, if not formally calculable: the probability of loss, and the attendant cost. Probability of loss is generally an empirical exercise, while cost has more to do with the ability of a reasonable person in possession of a of the insurance policy and a proof of loss associated with a claim presented under that policy to make a reasonably definite and objective evaluation of the amount of the loss recoverable as a result of the claim.
Limited risk of catastrophically large losses. The essential risk is often aggregation. If the same event can cause losses to numerous policyholders of the same insurer, the ability of that insurer to issue policies becomes constrained, not by factors surrounding the indivial characteristics of a given policyholder, but by the factors surrounding the sum of all policyholders so exposed. Typically, insurers prefer to limit their exposure to a loss from a single event to some small portion of their capital base, on the order of 5 percent. Where the loss can be aggregated, or an indivial policy could proce exceptionally large claims, the capital constraint will restrict an insurers appetite for additional policyholders. The classic example is earthquake insurance, where the ability of an underwriter to issue a new policy depends on the number and size of the policies that it has already underwritten. Wind insurance in hurricane zones, particularly along coast lines, is another example of this phenomenon. In extreme cases, the aggregation can affect the entire instry, since the combined capital of insurers and reinsurers can be small compared to the needs of potential policyholders in areas exposed to aggregation risk. In commercial fire insurance it is possible to find single properties whose total exposed value is well in excess of any indivial insurer’s capital constraint. Such properties are generally shared among several insurers, or are insured by a single insurer who syndicates the risk into the reinsurance market.
[edit] Indemnification
Main article: Indemnity
The technical definition of "indemnity" means to make whole again. There are two types of insurance contracts; 1) an "indemnity" policy and 2) a "pay on behalf" or "on behalf of"[3] policy. The difference is significant on paper, but rarely material in practice.
An "indemnity" policy will never pay claims until the insured has paid out of pocket to some third party; i.e. a visitor to your home slips on a floor that you left wet and sues you for $10,000 and wins. Under an "indemnity" policy the homeowner would have to come up with the $10,000 to pay for the visitors fall and then would be "indemnified" by the insurance carrier for the out of pocket costs (the $10,000)[4].
Under the same situation, a "pay on behalf" policy, the insurance carrier would pay the claim and the insured (the homeowner) would not be out of pocket for anything. Most modern liability insurance is written on the basis of "pay on behalf" language[5].
An entity seeking to transfer risk (an indivial, corporation, or association of any type, etc.) becomes the 'insured' party once risk is assumed by an 'insurer', the insuring party, by means of a contract, called an insurance 'policy'. Generally, an insurance contract includes, at a minimum, the following elements: the parties (the insurer, the insured, the beneficiaries), the premium, the period of coverage, the particular loss event covered, the amount of coverage (i.e., the amount to be paid to the insured or beneficiary in the event of a loss), and exclusions (events not covered). An insured is thus said to be "indemnified" against the loss events covered in the policy.
When insured parties experience a loss for a specified peril, the coverage entitles the policyholder to make a 'claim' against the insurer for the covered amount of loss as specified by the policy. The fee paid by the insured to the insurer for assuming the risk is called the 'premium'. Insurance premiums from many insureds are used to fund accounts reserved for later payment of claims—in theory for a relatively few claimants—and for overhead costs. So long as an insurer maintains adequate funds set aside for anticipated losses (i.e., reserves), the remaining margin is an insurer's profit.
[edit] Insurer’s business model
Profit = earned premium + investment income - incurred loss - underwriting expenses.
Insurers make money in two ways: (1) through underwriting, the process by which insurers select the risks to insure and decide how much in premiums to charge for accepting those risks and (2) by investing the premiums they collect from insureds.
The most difficult aspect of the insurance business is the underwriting of policies. Using a wide assortment of data, insurers predict the likelihood that a claim will be made against their policies and price procts accordingly. To this end, insurers use actuarial science to quantify the risks they are willing to assume and the premium they will charge to assume them. Data is analyzed to fairly accurately project the rate of future claims based on a given risk. Actuarial science uses statistics and probability to analyze the risks associated with the range of perils covered, and these scientific principles are used to determine an insurer's overall exposure. Upon termination of a given policy, the amount of premium collected and the investment gains thereon minus the amount paid out in claims is the insurer's underwriting profit on that policy. Of course, from the insurer's perspective, some policies are winners (i.e., the insurer pays out less in claims and expenses than it receives in premiums and investment income) and some are losers (i.e., the insurer pays out more in claims and expenses than it receives in premiums and investment income).
An insurer's underwriting performance is measured in its combined ratio. The loss ratio (incurred losses and loss-adjustment expenses divided by net earned premium) is added to the expense ratio (underwriting expenses divided by net premium written) to determine the company's combined ratio. The combined ratio is a reflection of the company's overall underwriting profitability. A combined ratio of less than 100 percent indicates underwriting profitability, while anything over 100 indicates an underwriting loss.
Insurance companies also earn investment profits on “float”. “Float” or available reserve is the amount of money, at hand at any given moment, that an insurer has collected in insurance premiums but has not been paid out in claims. Insurers start investing insurance premiums as soon as they are collected and continue to earn interest on them until claims are paid out.
In the United States, the underwriting loss of property and casualty insurance companies was $142.3 billion in the five years ending 2003. But overall profit for the same period was $68.4 billion, as the result of float. Some insurance instry insiders, most notably Hank Greenberg, do not believe that it is forever possible to sustain a profit from float without an underwriting profit as well, but this opinion is not universally held. Naturally, the “float” method is difficult to carry out in an economically depressed period. Bear markets do cause insurers to shift away from investments and to toughen up their underwriting standards. So a poor economy generally means high insurance premiums. This tendency to swing between profitable and unprofitable periods over time is commonly known as the "underwriting" or insurance cycle. [6]
Property and casualty insurers currently make the most money from their auto insurance line of business. Generally better statistics are available on auto losses and underwriting on this line of business has benefited greatly from advances in computing. Additionally, property losses in the US, e to natural catastrophes, have exacerbated this trend.
Finally, claims and loss handling is the materialized utility of insurance. In managing the claims-handling function, insurers seek to balance the elements of customer satisfaction, administrative handling expenses, and claims overpayment leakages. As part of this balancing act, fraulent insurance practices are a major business risk that must be managed and overcome.
Types of insurance
Any risk that can be quantified can potentially be insured. Specific kinds of risk that may give rise to claims are known as "perils". An insurance policy will set out in detail which perils are covered by the policy and which are not. Below are (non-exhaustive) lists of the many different types of insurance that exist. A single policy may cover risks in one or more of the categories set forth below. For example, auto insurance would typically cover both property risk (covering the risk of theft or damage to the car) and liability risk (covering legal claims from causing an accident). A homeowner's insurance policy in the U.S. typically includes property insurance covering damage to the home and the owner's belongings, liability insurance covering certain legal claims against the owner, and even a small amount of health insurance for medical expenses of guests who are injured on the owner's property.
Business insurance can be any kind of insurance that protects businesses against risks. Some principal subtypes of business insurance are (a) the various kinds of professional liability insurance, also called professional indemnity insurance, which are discussed below under that name; and (b) the business owners policy (BOP), which bundles into one policy many of the kinds of coverage that a business owner needs, in a way analogous to how homeowners insurance bundles the coverages that a homeowner needs.[7]
Health
Health insurance policies will often cover the cost of private medical treatments if the National Health Service in the United Kingdom (NHS) or other publicly-funded health programs do not pay for them. It will often result in quicker health care where better facilities are available. Dental insurance, like medical insurance, is coverage for indivials to protect them against dental costs. In the U.S., dental insurance is often part of an employer's benefits package, along with health insurance. Most countries rely on public funding to ensure that all citizens have universal access to health care.
[edit] Disability
Disability insurance policies provide financial support in the event the policyholder is unable to work because of disabling illness or injury. It provides monthly support to help pay such obligations as mortgages and credit cards.
Total permanent disability insurance insurance provides benefits when a person is permanently disabled and can no longer work in their profession, often taken as an adjunct to life insurance.
Disability overhead insurance allows business owners to cover the overhead expenses of their business while they are unable to work.
Workers' compensation insurance replaces all or part of a worker's wages lost and accompanying medical expense incurred because of a job-related injury.
Casualty
Casualty insurance insures against accidents, not necessarily tied to any specific property.
Crime insurance is a form of casualty insurance that covers the policyholder against losses arising from the criminal acts of third parties. For example, a company can obtain crime insurance to cover losses arising from theft or embezzlement.
Political risk insurance is a form of casualty insurance that can be taken out by businesses with operations in countries in which there is a risk that revolution or other political conditions will result in a loss.
[edit] Life insurance
Main article: Life insurance
Life insurance provides a monetary benefit to a decedent's family or other designated beneficiary, and may specifically provide for income to an insured person's family, burial, funeral and other final expenses. Life insurance policies often allow the option of having the proceeds paid to the beneficiary either in a lump sum cash payment or an annuity.
Annuities provide a stream of payments and are generally classified as insurance because they are issued by insurance companies and regulated as insurance and require the same kinds of actuarial and investment management expertise that life insurance requires. Annuities and pensions that pay a benefit for life are sometimes regarded as insurance against the possibility that a retiree will outlive his or her financial resources. In that sense, they are the complement of life insurance and, from an underwriting perspective, are the mirror image of life insurance.
Certain life insurance contracts accumulate cash values, which may be taken by the insured if the policy is surrendered or which may be borrowed against. Some policies, such as annuities and endowment policies, are financial instruments to accumulate or liquidate wealth when it is needed.
In many countries, such as the U.S. and the UK, the tax law provides that the interest on this cash value is not taxable under certain circumstances. This leads to widespread use of life insurance as a tax-efficient method of saving as well as protection in the event of early death.
In U.S., the tax on interest income on life insurance policies and annuities is generally deferred. However, in some cases the benefit derived from tax deferral may be offset by a low return. This depends upon the insuring company, the type of policy and other variables (mortality, market return, etc.). Moreover, other income tax saving vehicles (e.g., IRAs, 401(k) plans, Roth IRAs) may be better alternatives for value accumulation. A combination of low-cost term life insurance and a higher-return tax-efficient retirement account may achieve better investment return.
Property
Property insurance provides protection against risks to property, such as fire, theft or weather damage. This includes specialized forms of insurance such as fire insurance, flood insurance, earthquake insurance, home insurance, inland marine insurance or boiler insurance.
字数超限了。。。
『叁』 谁能告诉我互联网保险的论文中的文献综述怎么写
论点，是正确、鲜明阐述作者观点的句子，是一篇文章的灵魂、统帅。任何一篇文章只有一个中心论点，一般可以有分论点。
论点应该正确、鲜明、概括，是一个完整的判断句，绝不可模棱两可。
①正确性：论点的说服力根植于对客观事物的正确反映，而这又取决于作者的立场、观点、态度、方法是否正确，如果论点本身不正确，甚至是荒谬的，再怎么论证也不能说服人。因此，论点正确是议论文的最起码的要求。
②鲜明性：赞成什么、反对什么，要非常鲜明，千万不能模棱两可，含糊不清。
③新颖性：论点应该尽可能新颖、深刻，能超出他人的见解，不是重复他人的老生常谈，也不是无关痛痒、流于一般的泛泛而谈，应该尽可能独特、新颖。
。。。老娘忙得要死还要来回答你问题！！！你找抽啊！！！(￣ε(#￣)☆╰╮o(￣皿￣///)
『伍』 谁能告诉我几个关于保险学著作的名称，或者期刊论文，“要国外的”，特别注意一定要国外的，类似参考文献
(美)康斯坦斯·M.卢瑟亚特(ConstanceM.Luthardt)等著,英勇,于小东总译校.财产与责任保险原理[M]. 北京大学出版社, 2003
(美)小哈罗德·斯凯博(HaroldD.Skipper,Jr)等编著,荆涛等译.国际风险与保险[M]. 机械工业出版社, 1999
(美)所罗门·许布纳(S.S.Huebner)等著,陈欣等译.财产和责任保险[M]. 中国人民大学出版社, 2002
【英】Malcolm A. Clarke 著、 何美欢、吴志攀等译：《保险合同法》，北京大学出版社 2002 年版。
43.Ewan Mckendrick :“Contract Law”（影印本）,法律出版社 2003 年
版。
44.Michael H. Whincup：“Contract Law and Practice—the English
System and Continental Comparisons” 中信出版社,2003 年版。
45.John F. Dobbyn : “Insurance Law”（影印本）,法律出版社 2001
年版。
46.John Lowry , Philip Rawlings : “Insurance Law :Doctrines and
Principles” , Hart Publishing Ltd. (1999).
47.Ray Hodgin :“Insurance Law :Text and Materials” (Second
Edition) Cavendish Publishing Limited (2002) .
48.Steven L. Emanuel：“Contracts”，中信出版社 2003 年版。
49.Melvin A. Eisenberg:“Disclosure in Contract Law”，91 California
Law Review （2003）.
50.Anthony T. Kronman :“Mistake, Disclosure, Information, and the
Law of Contracts”,7(1) Journal of Legal Studies (1978).
51.Fleming J :“Insurer’s breach of good faith——a new
tort?”,(1992) 108 LQR 35.
这些都是比较好的
『陆』 关于保险业网络营销与传统营销整合的外文文献
是用英文写作？
『柒』 许霓整理：互联网+保险，国外有哪几种创新模式
第一是个性化产品服务；第二是对隐私的保护；第三是用户界面的简单便捷性
『捌』 国外互联网保险模式有哪些
保险公司自有网站直销、在线比价网站、在线风险交换、逆向拍卖平台、移动式保险等创新的互联网保险模式。
自有网站直销
直销是国外互联网保险通常采用的方式，互联网的普及让这种直接把保险产品销售给客户的模式获得新的突破。在网络平台上，产品一目了然，服务流程完整，且注重客户的体验。
成功的B2C平台如美国第四大汽车保险公司，也是美国最大的直销保险公司Geico，完全摒弃了中介模式。
在Geico的网站上，各种类型、明码标价的保险产品一目了然，人们可以方便地进行在线询价。
Geico对客户进行差异定价，比如是否为学生、驾驶人员的背景、客户的忠诚度等都会成为影响价格的因素。除报价外，服务也是它的一大特色。
Geico提供车险的在线报案和理赔服务:对案件进行分类、允许就近选择汽车修理地点、单独介绍玻璃索赔的方法、告知索赔记录对保险政策的影响等。此外，其移动应用包含了查找最近的拖车、提醒下次续期扣费的时间和金额、提供客户冠名的游戏供客户下载使用等功能，增加了客户体验，提高了客户黏性。
在线比价(聚合)网站
比价网站在北美和欧洲地区都有使用，比价网站的优势在于能让潜在客户获得多家公司同一标准下的报价。世界著名咨询公司埃森哲在2013年的一项调查中发现，超过一半的消费者表示可能会使用比价网站作出投保决策。
英国的比价网站最发达，英国首个在线车险服务于2000年推出，英国车险业务也因此发生了根本性的变革，比价网站车险保单销售比例日益增加。2012 年，来自互联网和比价网站的车险销售额己经占到英国车险的44%。当然，比价网站为了打造品牌，也开始提供除了比较报价以外的服务，英国消费者己经将比价网站作为重要的财务建议来源。
在线风险交换
社交媒体催生出了个人P2P保险计划。所谓个人P2P保险计划，就是指通过社交媒体来创建团体，消费者可通过这些团体彼此承保风险或者与保险公司协商更好的保险条款。如开始于德国的Friendsurance、英国初创公司jFloat计划、美国的Peercover计划，都是通过科技让希望获取保险的人走到一起，并找到愿意提供保障的人。
逆向拍卖平台
逆向拍卖平台是指保险公司或其分销渠道在线提供保险的竞价，由消费者选择承保人的互联网保险方式。如美国公司iX-change开发的基于网络的财产险及意外险逆向拍卖平台。
移动式保险
移动技术己经使保险公司可以随时随地与消费者进行互动。
移动技术在互联网保险的模式创新上有两种，一种是通过远程信息处理技术进行保险创新，如美国Progressive Insurance Company的UBI保险创新(根据汽车的里程等使用数据确定保费的保险)。美国和欧洲的保险公司也引入了基于远程技术的车险业务。
另一种是针对保费低而缴费频次高的保险产品的创新。金额不大但频繁收付费会增加保险公司的成本，也提高了产品定价。通过手机等移动设备上网或者以短信确认合同的方式进行承保，保险公司可以向更多客户提供负担得起的产品。非洲、亚洲、拉丁美洲的小额保险公司己经提供从意外险到寿险的一系列移动保险服务。