A. 求一篇 关于保险与经济的英文论文 及翻译 急等~
Catastrophe insurance and economic cycles
Nowadays, the world is changeable, whereas we are facing more and more disasters, such as: earthquakes, floods, droughts and other catastrophic outbreaks. Therefore, the catastrophe insurance plays more and more important role in our life. However, the catastrophe insurance is closely related with the economy.
B. 保险英语论文翻译(一) 急!!! 在线等
摘要：
医疗保险是一项复杂的多属性的产品，但由于购买方式的分歧会影响市场产出。我们研究这些分歧是基于对被保公司的影响。这种矛盾或分歧在团险市场的是否购买“全险”是显得尤为严重。我们估计由于这种分歧引起多于四分之一的顾客从投保人转变到承保人（1997年转移了32.5十亿美元）。我们的分析指出保险市场的这种矛盾同样会对将来健康投资市场的积极性造成打压。
简介：
在美国，65岁以下美国公民的医疗保险都是通过被保公司委托商业保险公司办理的。由于医疗保险是一项复杂多属性的服务，被保公司在购买时面临一个选择难的问题。精明的购买者必须把以下及格问题考虑在内：在承保公司所能提供给的药物是否是工人所需要的，谁是为保险公司提供服务的医生，谁将为这些药物，保险公司的工作和服务买单？购买保险时，当条款中包含承诺对棘手的突发事件的处理时显得尤为困难的去选择。
保险商提供的医疗保险和保险的多样性使得行政费用的上升以及增加购买团险的复杂性。（霍尔2008，1）实力雄厚的被保公司可以通过雇佣专门的保险经理人处理保险事物实现“自我保险”。对于中小型被保公司，则选择自行购买保险行政和保险。这类“全额投保及自行购保”的公司占了大半市场，他们面临繁琐的搜寻购买过程。
PS：你为啥子要匿名？害得我从新申请个号码给你回答，以前哪个号老是回答不起。你先不要给分，等我用另外的一个号回答后你再给我分，ok谢谢：）
哦，可能你不满意我的回答呢，你看后满意后再说吧。
PS 2： 有些小地方有修改。。你额可以把资料发到我qq，我帮你翻译吧。反正我也没事情做。
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C. 求一篇关于保险（Insurance）的英语文章
Please
tell
me
whether
I
need
to
purchase
a
foreign
student
policy.
告诉我是否我需要购买外国学生保险。
I'd
like
to
know
whether
basic
health
insurance
coverage
should
include
benefits
for
outpatient,
hospital,
surgery
and
medical
expenses.
我想知道基本健康保险所列的项目是否应包括医院门诊，住院，手术及药品等费用的赔偿。
Will
you
please
tell
me
where
I
can
purchase
health
insurance?
请告诉我在何处能买到健康保险？
D. 求保险投资的英文论文和中文翻译
保险投资管理研究/Insurance Investment Management
中文关键词 保险投资 投资方式选择 投资阶段选择 投资风险控制
英文关键词 insurance investment choice of investment mold choice of investment stages investment risk control
摘要随着保险市场竞争的日趋加剧，投资收益已经成为保险公司最为主要的利润来源，是保险公司偿付能力额度增强的重要手段、是保险险种产品创新的重要推动力量、是提高保险企业竞争优势的关键举措。因此，对保险投资管理研究极具重要性。从国际资本市场发展情况看，在资本市场的发展与完善以及资本市场和保险投资管制的放松因素驱动的推动下，美国、日本的保险投资得到了大力的发展。发达国家保险投主体模式组建主要有三种，其一是，公司内设投资机构运作模式；其二是，委托专业的投资机构运作模式；其三是，投资管理公司运作模式。 从我国的具体发展情况看，我国保险投资起始于1984年。20世纪90年代，由于保险市场的主体的增加，竞争的加剧，保险投资的现状得到了一定的改善。进入新世纪后，我国保险投资开始逐步取得较好的成绩。当前我国现有保险投资工具主要有：银行存款；债券，主要包括国库券、金融债券、企业债券；以及证券投资基金。当前，我国保险投资存在的主要问题是：第一，保险投资过分依赖于银行存款、债券，加剧寿险公司的利率风险；第二，保险投资限制过多使保险费率居高不下，不仅增加被保险人的负担，而且容易导致保险人的费率恶性竞争；第三，保险投资的限制影响了保险投资组合管理策略的实施；第四，保险投资的限制在一定程度上制约了我国保险监管方式由静态监管向动态监管发展；第五，保险投资限制和资本市场的缺陷严重阻碍了保险投资资产负债管理方式的运用。因此，我国保险投资管理的重点是加强对保险投资方式选择和相关的策略研究。在保险投资方式上，要根据我国的具体国情、保险历史、法律环境情况，充分考虑本国经济发展的现实，不能盲目地与发达国家接轨。此外，根据我国资本市场和保险市场的现状，保险投资渠道必须积极稳妥的扩大，保险投资必须有步骤分阶段地进行。在不同阶段应该实施不同的保险投资重点。具体说来，保险投资第一阶段的重点是，加大金融债券的投资力度，扩大企业债券的投资比例；投资于稳定的基础设施参与住房金融业；从事住房抵押贷款；开展保单质押贷款业务。保险投资第二阶段的重点要转移是，提高证券投资基金的投资比例、设立证券投资保险基金或资产管理公司、保险资金直接入市保险资金投资于不动产。保险投资第三阶段重点则要定位为，保险投资与国际接轨，实现投资的国际化。此外，保险投资管理还必须加强风险管理的策略研究，一方面，要加强对保险公司投资风险的宏观监管，要建立现金流量测试模型，公司现金流量测试要由各保险公司的精算师独立完成，对财务比率分析、风险资本要求等指标进行静态监管。另一方面，要加强保险公司对投资风险的管理。保险公司加强保险投资主体模式建设，防范保险投资风险；保险公司应该以内控机制为基础，加强投资风险的防范；保险公司应该将投资管理从传统的财务管理中分离出来，实行专业化的基金管理；灵活运用现代证券投资组合理论，充分发挥投资组合分散投资风险的功能。
Abstract In company with more and more cutthroat competition in insurance market, investment yield became the uppermost source of profits, promoted as the important measure for solvency, acted as the force power of proct innovation, played as the key for improving the enterprise’s competitive edge. Thereby, investment management of insurance is very important work. In term of international capital market, America and Japan have made a great progress in investment management of insurance under a boost in perfect capital market and relaxing the control of investment management of insurance. The mode of investment in western countries had three patterns: section of a enterprise which contain the investment organization; entrusting the professional organization; investment administration organization. In term of national capital market, China first went about investment management of insurance in 1984. The situation of investment management of insurance improved e to the increasing insurance market subject and the intensifying competition from 1990’s. Nowadays, the development of investment management of insurance getting better and better progressively. The object of insurance investment involved the bank deposit and bond, which including treasury bill, financial bond, corporate bond and security investment fund. The insurance investment in china concerned with the following problems for the present. First, the insurance investment overly dependent upon the bank deposit and bond, which led to increasing interest rate risk of life insurance corporation. Second, the insurance investment overly regulated the rate of premium, which give rise to high rate of premium, piling the pressure on insurants and concting the cut throat competition among the insurers. Third, the regulation on the insurance investment affected executing the stratagem of portfolio management. Fourth, the regulation on the insurance investment restricted the mold of supervise developing dynamically. Fifth, the regulation on the insurance investment and the imperfect market restricted the mold of the assets and liabilities operation. The key of managing the insurance investment is how to selecting the mold of investment and correlated strategies. In aspect of the mold of investment, we should select the strategies which approached to inhabitant. According to our capital market and insurance market status, the insurance investment should widen the channel step by step. First, the investment section of financial bond and corporate bond should increase. Second, the investment section of security investment fund should increase. Third, the insurance investment should make international. Moreover, the insurance investment should pay attention to risk management, which including macro-supervise and micro-supervise.
什么是保险投资
保险投资指保险企业在组织经济补偿过程中，将积聚的各种保险资金加以运用，使资金增值的活动。
保险企业可运用的保险资金是由资本金、各项准备金和其他可积聚的资金组成。运用暂时闲置的大量准备金是保险资金运动的重要一环。投资能增加收入、增强赔付能力，使保险资金进入良性循环。
[编辑]保险投资的原则
保险投资原则是保险投资的依据。早在1862年，英国经济学家贝利（A.A.Bailey）就提出了寿险业投资的五大原则，即：安全性；最高的实际收益率；部分资金投资于能迅速变现的证券；另一部分资金可投资于不能迅速变现的证券；投资应有利于寿险事业的发展。
随着资本主义经济发展，金融工具的多样化，以及保险业竞争的加剧，保险投资面临的风险性、收益性也同时提高，投资方式的选择范围更加广阔。1948年英国精算师佩格勒（J.B.Pegler）修正贝利的观点，提出寿险投资的四大原则：获得最高预期收益；投资应尽量分散；投资结构多样化；投资应将经济效益和社会效益并重。
理论界一般认为保险投资有三大原则：安全性；收益性；流动性。
1、安全性原则
保险企业可运用的资金，除资本金外，主要是各种保险准备金，它们是资产负债表上的负债项目，是保险信用的承担者。因此，保险投资应以安全为第一条件。安全性，意味着资金能如期收回，利润或利息能如数收回。为保证资金运用的安全，必须选择安全性较高的项目。为减少风险，要分散投资。
2、收益性原则
保险投资的目的，是为了提高自身的经济效益，使投资收入成为保险企业收入的重要来源，增强赔付能力，降低费率和扩大业务。但在投资中，收益与风险是同增的，收益率高，风险也大，这就要求保险投资，把风险限制在一定程度内，实现收益最大化。
3、流动性原则
保险资金用于赔偿给付，受偶然规律支配。因此，要求保险投资在不损失价值的前提下，能把资产立即变为现金，支付赔款或给付保险金。保险投资要设计多种方式，寻求多种渠道，按适当比例投资，从量的方面加以限制。要按不同险种特点，选择方向。如人寿保险一般是长期合同，保险金额给付也较固定，流动性要求可低一些。国外人寿保险资金投资的相当部分是长期的不动产抵押贷款。财产险和责任险，一般是短期的，理赔迅速，赔付率变动大，应特别强调流动性原则。国外财产和责任保险资金投资的相当部分是商业票据、短期债券等。
在我国，保险公司的资金运用必须稳健，遵循安全性原则，并保证资产的保值增值。
[编辑]保险投资的形式
保险投资的形式是保险公司保险资金投放在哪些具体项目上。合理的投资形式，一方面可以保持保险企业财务稳定性和赔付的可靠性、及时性；另一方面可以避免资金的过份集中从而影响产业结构的合理性。
一般而言，保险资金可以投资于：
1、有价证券
有价证券主要有二种：
1）债券。包括政府债券、公司债券和金融债券等。一般地说，投资债券风险较小，尤其是政府债券。投资公司债券时，要特别注重该公司的资信和收益的可靠性。
2）股票。投资股票是有风险的，如果企业经营不善，效益不好，预期利息减少，以及影响股市的其他因素不佳，股票就会跌价。在国外对保险企业投资股票都有多种限制，如日本政府保险业法中规定购买股票不得超过总资产的30％。
2、抵押贷款
抵押贷款是指期限较长又较稳定的业务，特别适合寿险资金的长期运用。世界各国保险企业对住宅楼实行长期抵押贷款，大都采用分期偿还、本金递减的方式，收益较好。
3、寿险保单贷款
寿险保单具有现金价值。保险合同规定，保单持有人可以本人保单抵押向保险企业申请贷款，但需负担利息，这种贷款属保险投资性质。保单贷款金额限于保单当时的价值，贷款人不用偿贷款，保单会失效，保险企业无需给付保险金。
实际上，在这种贷款中保险人不担任何风险。在寿险发达国家，此项业务十分普遍。
4、不动产投资
不动产投资是指保险资金用于购买土地、房屋等不动产。此项投资的变现性较差，故只能限制在一定的比例之内。日本对保险企业购买不动产，规定不得超过其总资产的10％。
5、向为保险配套服务的企业投资
比如为保险汽车提供修理服务的汽车修理厂；为保险事故赔偿服务的公证行或查勘公司等。这些企业与保险事业相关，把保险资金投向于这些企业，有利于保险事业的发展。
在我国，保险公司的资金运用，限于银行存款、买卖政府债券、金融债券和国务院规定的其他资金运用等形式。并且特别明确规定，保险公司的资金不得用于设立证券经营机构和向企业投资。
E. 急急急！求关于保险资金投资方面的外文翻译，中英文都有的那种！英文一万字符，中文2500字，真的很急！
保险资金投资方面的外文翻译什么都没指明呢。
F. 跪求关于 保险的起源与发展 的英文文章
Insurance was the idea of a man called LLoyd, who freqented the coffee houses of London.These coffee houses were meting places of businessmen, and the main business in London then was shipping. He would listen to the tales of businessmen who had lost their ships at sea, or had their cargoes hijacked by Pirates. LLoyd thought about this and came up with the idea of insuring these cargoes by insuring them for a premium. The first premium paid was for £100 for a ships cargo. Within six months, this business proved so successful that he opened offices in London. He based it ina building near the docks, and named it Lloyds House. That was the start of LLoyds of London which today, has a reputation second to none.
=====================================
Insurance in some form is as old as historical society. So-called bottomry contracts were known to merchants of Babylon as early as 4000–3000 bc. Bottomry was also practiced by the Hins in 600 bc and was well understood in ancient Greece as early as the 4th century bc. Under a bottomry contract, loans were granted to merchants with the provision that if the shipment was lost at sea the loan did not have to be repaid. The interest on the loan covered the insurance risk. Ancient Roman law recognized the bottomry contract in which an article of agreement was drawn up and funds were deposited with a money changer. Marine insurance became highly developed in the 15th century.
In Rome there were also burial societies that paid funeral costs of their members out of monthly es.
The insurance contract also developed early. It was known in ancient Greece and among other maritime nations in commercial contact with Greece.
G. 求一篇关于保险的外文论文全文，急求
我看可以的
H. 关于保险的英语作文
开关和保险丝
Switches and Fuses
An electric switch is often on a wall near the door of a room. Two wires lead to the lamp in the room. The switch is fixed in one of them. The switch can cause a break in this wire, and then the light goes. The switch can also join the two parts of the wire again, then we get a light.
Switch can control many different things. Small switches control lamps and radio sets because these do not take a large current, larger switches control electric fires. Other switches can control electric motors.
Good switches move quickly. They have to stop the current suddenly. If they move slowly, an electric spark appears. It jumps across the space between the two ends of the wire. This is unsafe and it heats the switch. Very big switches are sometimes placed in oil, Sparks do not easily jump through oil, and so the oil makes the switch safer.
A large current makes a wire hot. If the wire is very thin, even a small current makes it hot. This happens in an electric lamp.
The electric wires in a house are covered with some kind of insulation. No current can flow through the insulation, so the current can never flow straight from one wire to the other, but the insulation on old wires is often broken, then the copper of the two wires can touch. A large current may flow, and if this happens, the wires will get very hot. Then the house may catch fire.
Fuses can stop this trouble. A fuse is only a thin wire which is easily melted. It is fixed in a fuse-holder(保险盒). The fuse-holder is made of some material which cannot burn. A large current makes the fuse hot and then it melts away. We say that the fuse "blows(<保险丝>烧断)". The wire is broken and no current can flow. So the house does not catch fire, but all the lights and electric fires go out because there is no current.
When a fuse blows, something is wrong. We must find the fault first. Perhaps two wires are touching. We must cover them with new insulation of some kind. Then we must find the blown fuse and repair it. We put a new piece of fuse- wire in the holder. (Sometimes we can find the right fuse- holder because it is rather warm, but the others are cold.) If we do not repair the fault first, the new fuse will blow immediately.
Some men get angry when a fuse blow. So they put a thick copper wire in the fuse-holder! Of course this does not easily melt; if the current rises suddenly, nothing stops it. The thick wire easily carries it. Then the wires of the house may get very hot and the house may catch fire. Some of the people in it may not be able to escape. They may lose their lives. So it is always best to use proper fuse-wire. This will keep everyone and everything in the house safe.
I. 哪位好人可以帮我找到一篇英文的关于保险业发展的论文或文章啊
From U.S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Actuaries
Nature of the Work
Working Conditions
Training, Other Qualifications, and Advancement
Employment
Job Outlook
Earnings
Related Occupations
Sources of Additional Information
Significant Points
A strong background in mathematics is essential; actuaries must pass a series of examinations to gain full professional status.
About 6 out of 10 actuaries are employed in the insurance instry.
Employment opportunities should remain good for those who qualify, because the stringent qualifying examination system restricts the number of candidates.
Nature of the Work [About this section] Back to Top
One of the main functions of actuaries is to help businesses assess the risk of certain events occurring and to formulate policies that minimize the cost of that risk. For this reason, actuaries are essential to the insurance instry. Actuaries assemble and analyze data to estimate the probability and likely cost of the occurrence of an event such as death, sickness, injury, disability, or loss of property. Actuaries also address financial questions, including those involving the level of pension contributions required to proce a certain retirement income and the way in which a company should invest resources to maximize its return on investments in light of potential risk. Using their broad knowledge of statistics, finance, and business, actuaries help design insurance policies, pension plans, and other financial strategies in a manner which will help ensure that the plans are maintained on a sound financial basis.
Most actuaries are employed in the insurance instry, specializing in life and health insurance or property and casualty insurance. They proce probability tables which determine the likelihood that a potential future event will generate a claim. From these tables, they estimate the amount a company can expect to pay in claims. For example, property and casualty actuaries calculate the expected amount payable in claims resulting from automobile accidents, an amount that varies with the insured person抯 age, sex, driving history, type of car, and other factors. Actuaries ensure that the price, or premium, charged for such insurance will enable the company to cover claims and other expenses. The premium must be profitable, yet competitive with other insurance companies. Within the life and health insurance fields, actuaries are helping to develop long-term-care insurance and annuity policies, the latter a growing investment tool for many indivials.
Actuaries in other financial services instries manage credit and price corporate security offerings. They also devise new investment tools to help their firms compete with other financial services companies. Pension actuaries working under the provisions of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) of 1974 evaluate pension plans covered by that Act and report on the plans?financial soundness to participants, sponsors, and Federal regulators. Actuaries working in government help manage social programs such as Social Security and Medicare.
Actuaries may play a role in determining company policy and may need to explain complex technical matters to company executives, government officials, shareholders, policyholders, or the public in general. They may testify before public agencies on proposed legislation affecting their businesses or explain changes in contract provisions to customers. They also may help companies develop plans to enter new lines of business or new geographic markets with existing lines of business by forecasting demand in competitive settings.
Both staff actuaries employed by businesses and consulting actuaries provide advice to clients on a contract basis. The ties of most consulting actuaries are similar to those of other actuaries. For example, some may evaluate company pension plans by calculating the future value of employee and employer contributions and determining whether the amounts are sufficient to meet the future needs of retirees. Others help companies rece their insurance costs by lowering the level of risk the companies assume. For instance, they may provide advice on how to lessen the risk of injury on the job, which will lower worker抯 compensation costs. Consulting actuaries sometimes testify in court regarding the value of the potential lifetime earnings of a person who is disabled or killed in an accident, the current value of future pension benefits (in divorce cases), or other values arrived at by complex calculations. Many consulting actuaries work in reinsurance, a field in which one insurance company arranges to share a large prospective liability policy with another insurance company in exchange for a percentage of the premium.
Working Conditions [About this section] Back to Top
Actuaries have desk jobs, and their offices usually are comfortable and pleasant. They often work at least 40 hours a week. Some actuaries—particularly consulting actuaries—may travel to meet with clients. Consulting actuaries also may experience more erratic employment and be expected to work more than 40 hours per week.
Training, Other Qualifications, and Advancement [About this section] Back to Top
Actuaries need a strong background in mathematics. Applicants for beginning actuarial jobs usually have a bachelor抯 degree in mathematics, actuarial science, statistics, or a business-related discipline such as economics, finance, or accounting. About 100 colleges and universities offer an actuarial science program, and most offer a degree in mathematics, statistics, economics, or finance. Some companies hire applicants without specifying a major, provided that the applicant has a working knowledge of mathematics, including calculus, probability, and statistics, and has demonstrated this knowledge by passing one or two actuarial exams required for professional designation. Courses in economics, accounting, finance, and insurance also are useful. Companies increasingly prefer well-rounded indivials who, in addition to having acquired a strong technical background, have some training in liberal arts and business and possess strong communication skills.
In addition to knowledge of mathematics, computer skills are becoming increasingly important. Actuaries should be able to develop and use spreadsheets and databases, as well as standard statistical analysis software. Knowledge of computer programming languages, such as Visual Basic, also is useful.
Two professional societies sponsor programs leading to full professional status in their specialty. The Society of Actuaries (SOA) administers a series of actuarial examinations in the life insurance, health benefits systems, retirement systems, and finance and investment fields. The Casualty Actuarial Society (CAS) gives a series of examinations in the property and casualty field, which includes fire, accident, medical malpractice, worker抯 compensation, and personal injury liability.
The first four exams in the SOA and CAS examination series are jointly sponsored by the two societies and cover the same material. For this reason, students do not need to commit themselves to a specialty until they have taken the initial examinations, which test an indivial抯 competence in probability, calculus, statistics, and other branches of mathematics. The first few examinations help students evaluate their potential as actuaries. Many prospective actuaries begin taking the exams in college with the help of self-study guides and courses. Those who pass one or more examinations have better opportunities for employment at higher starting salaries than those who do not.
After graating from college, most prospective actuaries gain on-the job experience at an insurance company or consulting firm, while at the same time working to complete the examination process. Actuaries are encouraged to finish the entire series of examinations as soon as possible, advancing first to the Associate level (with an ASA or ACAS designation) and then to the Fellowship level (FSA or FCAS designation). Advanced topics in the casualty field include investment and assets, dynamic financial analysis, and valuation of insurance. Candidates in the SOA examination series must choose a specialty—group and health benefits, indivial life and annuities, pensions, investments, or finance. Examinations are given twice a year, in the spring and the fall. Although many companies allot time to their employees for study, home study is required to pass the examinations, and many actuaries study for months to prepare for each examination. It is likewise common for employers to pay the hundreds of dollars for examination fees and study materials. Most actuaries reach the Associate level within 4 to 6 years and the Fellowship level a few years later.
Specific requirements apply to pension actuaries, who verify the financial status of defined benefit pension plans for the Federal Government. These actuaries must be enrolled by the Joint Board of the U.S. Treasury Department and the U.S. Department of Labor for the Enrollment of Actuaries. To qualify for enrollment, applicants must meet certain experience and examination requirements, as stipulated by the Board.
To perform their ties effectively, actuaries must keep up with current economic and social trends and legislation, as well as with health, business, finance, and economic developments that could affect insurance or investment practices. Good communication and interpersonal skills also are important, particularly for prospective consulting actuaries.
Beginning actuaries often rotate among different jobs in an organization to learn various actuarial operations and phases of insurance work, such as marketing, underwriting, and proct development. At first, they prepare data for actuarial projects or perform other simple tasks. As they gain experience, actuaries may supervise clerks, prepare correspondence, draft reports, and conct research. They may move from one company to another early in their careers as they advance to higher positions.
Advancement depends largely on job performance and the number of actuarial examinations passed. Actuaries with a broad knowledge of the insurance, pension, investment, or employee benefits fields can rise to administrative and executive positions in their companies. Actuaries with supervisory ability may advance to management positions in other areas, such as underwriting, accounting, data processing, marketing, and advertising. Some actuaries assume college and university faculty positions. (See the statement on teachers—postsecondary elsewhere in the Handbook.)
Employment [About this section] Back to Top
Actuaries held about 18,000 jobs in 2004, with 6 out of 10 employed in the insurance instry. A growing number of actuaries work for firms providing a variety of corporate services, especially management and public relations, or for firms offering consulting services. A relatively small number of actuaries are employed by security and commodity brokers or by government agencies.
Job Outlook [About this section] Back to Top
Employment of actuaries is expected to grow faster than average for all occupations through 2014. Employment opportunities should remain good for those who qualify, because the stringent qualifying examination system restricts the number of candidates. Employment growth in the insurance instry is expected to continue at a stable pace, while more significant job growth is likely in some other instries. In addition, a small number of jobs will open up each year to replace actuaries who leave the occupation to retire or who find new jobs.
Steady demand by the insurance instry—the largest employer of actuaries—should ensure the creation of new actuary jobs in this key instry over the projection period. Actuaries will continue to be needed to develop, price, and evaluate a variety of insurance procts and calculate the costs of new risks. Although employment of actuaries in life insurance had begun to decline recently, the growing popularity of annuities, a financial proct offered primarily by life insurance companies, has resulted in some job growth in this specialty. Also, new actuarial positions have been created in property-casualty insurance to analyze evolving risks, such as terrorism.
Some new employment opportunities for actuaries should also become available in the health care field as health care issues and Medicare reform continue to receive growing attention. Increased regulation of managed health care companies and the desire to contain health care costs will continue to provide job opportunities for actuaries, who will also be needed to evaluate the risks associated with new medical issues, such as genetic testing and the impact of new diseases. Others in this field are involved in drafting health care legislation.
A significant proportion of new actuaries will find employment with consulting firms. Companies that may not find it cost effective to hire their own actuaries are increasingly hiring consulting actuaries to analyze various risks. Other areas with notable growth prospects are information services and accounting services. Also, because actuarial skills are increasingly seen as useful to other instries that deal with risk, such as the airline and the banking instries, additional job openings may be created in these instries.
The best job prospects for entry-level positions will be for those candidates who have passed at least one or two of the initial actuarial exams. Candidates with additional knowledge or experience, such as those who possess computer programming skills, will be particularly attractive to employers. Most jobs in this occupation are located in urban areas, but opportunities vary by geographic location. States in which actuary jobs are concentrated include Illinois, New Jersey, New York, and Connecticut.
Earnings [About this section] Back to Top
Median annual earnings of actuaries were $76,340 in May 2004. The middle 50 percent earned between $54,770 and $107,650. According to the National Association of Colleges and Employers, annual starting salaries for graates with a bachelor抯 degree in actuarial science averaged $52,741 in 2005. Insurance companies and consulting firms give merit increases to actuaries as they gain experience and pass examinations. Some companies also offer cash bonuses for each professional designation achieved.
Related Occupations [About this section] Back to Top
Actuaries need a strong background in mathematics, statistics, and related fields. Other workers whose jobs involve related skills include accountants and auditors, budget analysts, economists, market and survey researchers, financial analysts and personal financial advisors, insurance underwriters, mathematicians, and statisticians.
Sources of Additional Information [About this section] Back to Top
Disclaimer:Links to non-BLS Internet sites are provided for your convenience and do not constitute an endorsement.
Career information on actuaries specializing in pensions is available from:
American Society of Pension Actuaries, 4245 N. Fairfax Dr., Suite 750, Arlington, VA 22203. Internet: http://www.aspa.org
For information about actuarial careers in life and health insurance, employee benefits and pensions, and finance and investments, contact:
Society of Actuaries (SOA), 475 N. Martingale Rd., Suite 600, Schaumburg, IL 60173-2226. Internet: http://www.soa.org
For information about actuarial careers in property and casualty insurance, contact:
Casualty Actuarial Society (CAS), 1100 N. Glebe Rd., Suite 600, Arlington, VA 22201-0425. Internet: http://www.casact.org
The SOA and CAS jointly sponsor a Web site for those interested in pursuing an actuarial career. Internet: http://www.BeAnActuary.org
For general information on a career as an actuary, contact:
American Academy of Actuaries, 1100 17th St. NW., 7th Floor, Washington, DC 20036. Internet: http://www.actuary.org
J. 我想要一篇有关于保险（什么保险都行）的英文版论文，非常感谢
前农村社会养老保险制度存在的首要问题就是制度本身脱离中国农村实际。现有制度没有充分考虑农村地区差别、个体差别大这个最现实的问题。一刀切、一个模式、一种