『壹』 如何寫保險互聯網營銷論文參考文獻
論文以敘述和描寫為主，但往往兼有抒情和議論，是一種形式多樣，筆墨靈活的文體，也是最廣泛的文體。
論文寫作，是把自己的親身感受和經歷通過生動、形象的語言，描述給讀者。
『貳』 急求關於網路保險的英文文獻！！！
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%AA
網路保險
Internet Insurance
Network insurance
Net Insurance
保險學 Insurance
http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=uO8F501cxuoC&pg=PA350&lpg=PA350&dq=Net+Insurance&source=web&ots=2KPcc5u3X0&sig=bRLwUXiMe3TPmu-8v1DrVW5G9vg&hl=en
http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LsbY6WPo41oC&pg=PT323&lpg=PT323&dq=Net+Insurance&source=web&ots=gVkdB3wlNS&sig=pQXWstUk4boO4TcpHZOh4bKJyzY&hl=en
http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=xP5d0OcQDScC&pg=PA189&lpg=PA189&dq=Net+Insurance&source=web&ots=dFsvdx1W4f&sig=6tPP8qP_A04ViEF7nN2fP7jtc04&hl=en
Insurance, in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for a premium. An insurer is a company selling the insurance. The insurance rate is a factor used to determine the amount, called the premium, to be charged for a certain amount of insurance coverage. Risk management, the practice of appraising and controlling risk, has evolved as a discrete field of study and practice.
Principles of insurance
A large number of homogeneous exposure units. The vast majority of insurance policies are provided for indivial members of very large classes. Automobile insurance, for example, covered about 175 million automobiles in the United States in 2004.[2] The existence of a large number of homogeneous exposure units allows insurers to benefit from the so-called 「law of large numbers,」 which in effect states that as the number of exposure units increases, the actual results are increasingly likely to become close to expected results. There are exceptions to this criterion. Lloyd's of London is famous for insuring the life or health of actors, actresses and sports figures. Satellite Launch insurance covers events that are infrequent. Large commercial property policies may insure exceptional properties for which there are no 『homogeneous』 exposure units. Despite failing on this criterion, many exposures like these are generally considered to be insurable.
Definite Loss. The event that gives rise to the loss that is subject to insurance should, at least in principle, take place at a known time, in a known place, and from a known cause. The classic example is death of an insured on a life insurance policy. Fire, automobile accidents, and worker injuries may all easily meet this criterion. Other types of losses may only be definite in theory. Occupational disease, for instance, may involve prolonged exposure to injurious conditions where no specific time, place or cause is identifiable. Ideally, the time, place and cause of a loss should be clear enough that a reasonable person, with sufficient information, could objectively verify all three elements.
Accidental Loss. The event that constitutes the trigger of a claim should be fortuitous, or at least outside the control of the beneficiary of the insurance. The loss should be 『pure,』 in the sense that it results from an event for which there is only the opportunity for cost. Events that contain speculative elements, such as ordinary business risks, are generally not considered insurable.
Large Loss. The size of the loss must be meaningful from the perspective of the insured. Insurance premiums need to cover both the expected cost of losses, plus the cost of issuing and administering the policy, adjusting losses, and supplying the capital needed to reasonably assure that the insurer will be able to pay claims. For small losses these latter costs may be several times the size of the expected cost of losses. There is little point in paying such costs unless the protection offered has real value to a buyer.
Affordable Premium. If the likelihood of an insured event is so high, or the cost of the event so large, that the resulting premium is large relative to the amount of protection offered, it is not likely that anyone will buy insurance, even if on offer. Further, as the accounting profession formally recognizes in financial accounting standards, the premium cannot be so large that there is not a reasonable chance of a significant loss to the insurer. If there is no such chance of loss, the transaction may have the form of insurance, but not the substance. (See the U.S. Financial Accounting Standards Board standard number 113)
Calculable Loss. There are two elements that must be at least estimable, if not formally calculable: the probability of loss, and the attendant cost. Probability of loss is generally an empirical exercise, while cost has more to do with the ability of a reasonable person in possession of a of the insurance policy and a proof of loss associated with a claim presented under that policy to make a reasonably definite and objective evaluation of the amount of the loss recoverable as a result of the claim.
Limited risk of catastrophically large losses. The essential risk is often aggregation. If the same event can cause losses to numerous policyholders of the same insurer, the ability of that insurer to issue policies becomes constrained, not by factors surrounding the indivial characteristics of a given policyholder, but by the factors surrounding the sum of all policyholders so exposed. Typically, insurers prefer to limit their exposure to a loss from a single event to some small portion of their capital base, on the order of 5 percent. Where the loss can be aggregated, or an indivial policy could proce exceptionally large claims, the capital constraint will restrict an insurers appetite for additional policyholders. The classic example is earthquake insurance, where the ability of an underwriter to issue a new policy depends on the number and size of the policies that it has already underwritten. Wind insurance in hurricane zones, particularly along coast lines, is another example of this phenomenon. In extreme cases, the aggregation can affect the entire instry, since the combined capital of insurers and reinsurers can be small compared to the needs of potential policyholders in areas exposed to aggregation risk. In commercial fire insurance it is possible to find single properties whose total exposed value is well in excess of any indivial insurer』s capital constraint. Such properties are generally shared among several insurers, or are insured by a single insurer who syndicates the risk into the reinsurance market.
[edit] Indemnification
Main article: Indemnity
The technical definition of "indemnity" means to make whole again. There are two types of insurance contracts; 1) an "indemnity" policy and 2) a "pay on behalf" or "on behalf of"[3] policy. The difference is significant on paper, but rarely material in practice.
An "indemnity" policy will never pay claims until the insured has paid out of pocket to some third party; i.e. a visitor to your home slips on a floor that you left wet and sues you for $10,000 and wins. Under an "indemnity" policy the homeowner would have to come up with the $10,000 to pay for the visitors fall and then would be "indemnified" by the insurance carrier for the out of pocket costs (the $10,000)[4].
Under the same situation, a "pay on behalf" policy, the insurance carrier would pay the claim and the insured (the homeowner) would not be out of pocket for anything. Most modern liability insurance is written on the basis of "pay on behalf" language[5].
An entity seeking to transfer risk (an indivial, corporation, or association of any type, etc.) becomes the 'insured' party once risk is assumed by an 'insurer', the insuring party, by means of a contract, called an insurance 'policy'. Generally, an insurance contract includes, at a minimum, the following elements: the parties (the insurer, the insured, the beneficiaries), the premium, the period of coverage, the particular loss event covered, the amount of coverage (i.e., the amount to be paid to the insured or beneficiary in the event of a loss), and exclusions (events not covered). An insured is thus said to be "indemnified" against the loss events covered in the policy.
When insured parties experience a loss for a specified peril, the coverage entitles the policyholder to make a 'claim' against the insurer for the covered amount of loss as specified by the policy. The fee paid by the insured to the insurer for assuming the risk is called the 'premium'. Insurance premiums from many insureds are used to fund accounts reserved for later payment of claims—in theory for a relatively few claimants—and for overhead costs. So long as an insurer maintains adequate funds set aside for anticipated losses (i.e., reserves), the remaining margin is an insurer's profit.
[edit] Insurer』s business model
Profit = earned premium + investment income - incurred loss - underwriting expenses.
Insurers make money in two ways: (1) through underwriting, the process by which insurers select the risks to insure and decide how much in premiums to charge for accepting those risks and (2) by investing the premiums they collect from insureds.
The most difficult aspect of the insurance business is the underwriting of policies. Using a wide assortment of data, insurers predict the likelihood that a claim will be made against their policies and price procts accordingly. To this end, insurers use actuarial science to quantify the risks they are willing to assume and the premium they will charge to assume them. Data is analyzed to fairly accurately project the rate of future claims based on a given risk. Actuarial science uses statistics and probability to analyze the risks associated with the range of perils covered, and these scientific principles are used to determine an insurer's overall exposure. Upon termination of a given policy, the amount of premium collected and the investment gains thereon minus the amount paid out in claims is the insurer's underwriting profit on that policy. Of course, from the insurer's perspective, some policies are winners (i.e., the insurer pays out less in claims and expenses than it receives in premiums and investment income) and some are losers (i.e., the insurer pays out more in claims and expenses than it receives in premiums and investment income).
An insurer's underwriting performance is measured in its combined ratio. The loss ratio (incurred losses and loss-adjustment expenses divided by net earned premium) is added to the expense ratio (underwriting expenses divided by net premium written) to determine the company's combined ratio. The combined ratio is a reflection of the company's overall underwriting profitability. A combined ratio of less than 100 percent indicates underwriting profitability, while anything over 100 indicates an underwriting loss.
Insurance companies also earn investment profits on 「float」. 「Float」 or available reserve is the amount of money, at hand at any given moment, that an insurer has collected in insurance premiums but has not been paid out in claims. Insurers start investing insurance premiums as soon as they are collected and continue to earn interest on them until claims are paid out.
In the United States, the underwriting loss of property and casualty insurance companies was $142.3 billion in the five years ending 2003. But overall profit for the same period was $68.4 billion, as the result of float. Some insurance instry insiders, most notably Hank Greenberg, do not believe that it is forever possible to sustain a profit from float without an underwriting profit as well, but this opinion is not universally held. Naturally, the 「float」 method is difficult to carry out in an economically depressed period. Bear markets do cause insurers to shift away from investments and to toughen up their underwriting standards. So a poor economy generally means high insurance premiums. This tendency to swing between profitable and unprofitable periods over time is commonly known as the "underwriting" or insurance cycle. [6]
Property and casualty insurers currently make the most money from their auto insurance line of business. Generally better statistics are available on auto losses and underwriting on this line of business has benefited greatly from advances in computing. Additionally, property losses in the US, e to natural catastrophes, have exacerbated this trend.
Finally, claims and loss handling is the materialized utility of insurance. In managing the claims-handling function, insurers seek to balance the elements of customer satisfaction, administrative handling expenses, and claims overpayment leakages. As part of this balancing act, fraulent insurance practices are a major business risk that must be managed and overcome.
Types of insurance
Any risk that can be quantified can potentially be insured. Specific kinds of risk that may give rise to claims are known as "perils". An insurance policy will set out in detail which perils are covered by the policy and which are not. Below are (non-exhaustive) lists of the many different types of insurance that exist. A single policy may cover risks in one or more of the categories set forth below. For example, auto insurance would typically cover both property risk (covering the risk of theft or damage to the car) and liability risk (covering legal claims from causing an accident). A homeowner's insurance policy in the U.S. typically includes property insurance covering damage to the home and the owner's belongings, liability insurance covering certain legal claims against the owner, and even a small amount of health insurance for medical expenses of guests who are injured on the owner's property.
Business insurance can be any kind of insurance that protects businesses against risks. Some principal subtypes of business insurance are (a) the various kinds of professional liability insurance, also called professional indemnity insurance, which are discussed below under that name; and (b) the business owners policy (BOP), which bundles into one policy many of the kinds of coverage that a business owner needs, in a way analogous to how homeowners insurance bundles the coverages that a homeowner needs.[7]
Health
Health insurance policies will often cover the cost of private medical treatments if the National Health Service in the United Kingdom (NHS) or other publicly-funded health programs do not pay for them. It will often result in quicker health care where better facilities are available. Dental insurance, like medical insurance, is coverage for indivials to protect them against dental costs. In the U.S., dental insurance is often part of an employer's benefits package, along with health insurance. Most countries rely on public funding to ensure that all citizens have universal access to health care.
[edit] Disability
Disability insurance policies provide financial support in the event the policyholder is unable to work because of disabling illness or injury. It provides monthly support to help pay such obligations as mortgages and credit cards.
Total permanent disability insurance insurance provides benefits when a person is permanently disabled and can no longer work in their profession, often taken as an adjunct to life insurance.
Disability overhead insurance allows business owners to cover the overhead expenses of their business while they are unable to work.
Workers' compensation insurance replaces all or part of a worker's wages lost and accompanying medical expense incurred because of a job-related injury.
Casualty
Casualty insurance insures against accidents, not necessarily tied to any specific property.
Crime insurance is a form of casualty insurance that covers the policyholder against losses arising from the criminal acts of third parties. For example, a company can obtain crime insurance to cover losses arising from theft or embezzlement.
Political risk insurance is a form of casualty insurance that can be taken out by businesses with operations in countries in which there is a risk that revolution or other political conditions will result in a loss.
[edit] Life insurance
Main article: Life insurance
Life insurance provides a monetary benefit to a decedent's family or other designated beneficiary, and may specifically provide for income to an insured person's family, burial, funeral and other final expenses. Life insurance policies often allow the option of having the proceeds paid to the beneficiary either in a lump sum cash payment or an annuity.
Annuities provide a stream of payments and are generally classified as insurance because they are issued by insurance companies and regulated as insurance and require the same kinds of actuarial and investment management expertise that life insurance requires. Annuities and pensions that pay a benefit for life are sometimes regarded as insurance against the possibility that a retiree will outlive his or her financial resources. In that sense, they are the complement of life insurance and, from an underwriting perspective, are the mirror image of life insurance.
Certain life insurance contracts accumulate cash values, which may be taken by the insured if the policy is surrendered or which may be borrowed against. Some policies, such as annuities and endowment policies, are financial instruments to accumulate or liquidate wealth when it is needed.
In many countries, such as the U.S. and the UK, the tax law provides that the interest on this cash value is not taxable under certain circumstances. This leads to widespread use of life insurance as a tax-efficient method of saving as well as protection in the event of early death.
In U.S., the tax on interest income on life insurance policies and annuities is generally deferred. However, in some cases the benefit derived from tax deferral may be offset by a low return. This depends upon the insuring company, the type of policy and other variables (mortality, market return, etc.). Moreover, other income tax saving vehicles (e.g., IRAs, 401(k) plans, Roth IRAs) may be better alternatives for value accumulation. A combination of low-cost term life insurance and a higher-return tax-efficient retirement account may achieve better investment return.
Property
Property insurance provides protection against risks to property, such as fire, theft or weather damage. This includes specialized forms of insurance such as fire insurance, flood insurance, earthquake insurance, home insurance, inland marine insurance or boiler insurance.
字數超限了。。。
『叄』 誰能告訴我互聯網保險的論文中的文獻綜述怎麼寫
論點，是正確、鮮明闡述作者觀點的句子，是一篇文章的靈魂、統帥。任何一篇文章只有一個中心論點，一般可以有分論點。
論點應該正確、鮮明、概括，是一個完整的判斷句，絕不可模稜兩可。
①正確性：論點的說服力根植於對客觀事物的正確反映，而這又取決於作者的立場、觀點、態度、方法是否正確，如果論點本身不正確，甚至是荒謬的，再怎麼論證也不能說服人。因此，論點正確是議論文的最起碼的要求。
②鮮明性：贊成什麼、反對什麼，要非常鮮明，千萬不能模稜兩可，含糊不清。
③新穎性：論點應該盡可能新穎、深刻，能超出他人的見解，不是重復他人的老生常談，也不是無關痛癢、流於一般的泛泛而談，應該盡可能獨特、新穎。
。。。老娘忙得要死還要來回答你問題！！！你找抽啊！！！(￣ε(#￣)☆╰╮o(￣皿￣///)
『伍』 誰能告訴我幾個關於保險學著作的名稱，或者期刊論文，「要國外的」，特別注意一定要國外的，類似參考文獻
(美)康斯坦斯·M.盧瑟亞特(ConstanceM.Luthardt)等著,英勇,於小東總譯校.財產與責任保險原理[M]. 北京大學出版社, 2003
(美)小哈羅德·斯凱博(HaroldD.Skipper,Jr)等編著,荊濤等譯.國際風險與保險[M]. 機械工業出版社, 1999
(美)所羅門·許布納(S.S.Huebner)等著,陳欣等譯.財產和責任保險[M]. 中國人民大學出版社, 2002
【英】Malcolm A. Clarke 著、 何美歡、吳志攀等譯：《保險合同法》，北京大學出版社 2002 年版。
43.Ewan Mckendrick :「Contract Law」（影印本）,法律出版社 2003 年
版。
44.Michael H. Whincup：「Contract Law and Practice—the English
System and Continental Comparisons」 中信出版社,2003 年版。
45.John F. Dobbyn : 「Insurance Law」（影印本）,法律出版社 2001
年版。
46.John Lowry , Philip Rawlings : 「Insurance Law :Doctrines and
Principles」 , Hart Publishing Ltd. (1999).
47.Ray Hodgin :「Insurance Law :Text and Materials」 (Second
Edition) Cavendish Publishing Limited (2002) .
48.Steven L. Emanuel：「Contracts」，中信出版社 2003 年版。
49.Melvin A. Eisenberg:「Disclosure in Contract Law」，91 California
Law Review （2003）.
50.Anthony T. Kronman :「Mistake, Disclosure, Information, and the
Law of Contracts」,7(1) Journal of Legal Studies (1978).
51.Fleming J :「Insurer』s breach of good faith——a new
tort?」,(1992) 108 LQR 35.
這些都是比較好的
『陸』 關於保險業網路營銷與傳統營銷整合的外文文獻
是用英文寫作？
『柒』 許霓整理：互聯網+保險，國外有哪幾種創新模式
第一是個性化產品服務；第二是對隱私的保護；第三是用戶界面的簡單便捷性
『捌』 國外互聯網保險模式有哪些
保險公司自有網站直銷、在線比價網站、在線風險交換、逆向拍賣平台、移動式保險等創新的互聯網保險模式。
自有網站直銷
直銷是國外互聯網保險通常採用的方式，互聯網的普及讓這種直接把保險產品銷售給客戶的模式獲得新的突破。在網路平台上，產品一目瞭然，服務流程完整，且注重客戶的體驗。
成功的B2C平台如美國第四大汽車保險公司，也是美國最大的直銷保險公司Geico，完全摒棄了中介模式。
在Geico的網站上，各種類型、明碼標價的保險產品一目瞭然，人們可以方便地進行在線詢價。
Geico對客戶進行差異定價，比如是否為學生、駕駛人員的背景、客戶的忠誠度等都會成為影響價格的因素。除報價外，服務也是它的一大特色。
Geico提供車險的在線報案和理賠服務:對案件進行分類、允許就近選擇汽車修理地點、單獨介紹玻璃索賠的方法、告知索賠記錄對保險政策的影響等。此外，其移動應用包含了查找最近的拖車、提醒下次續期扣費的時間和金額、提供客戶冠名的游戲供客戶下載使用等功能，增加了客戶體驗，提高了客戶黏性。
在線比價(聚合)網站
比價網站在北美和歐洲地區都有使用，比價網站的優勢在於能讓潛在客戶獲得多家公司同一標准下的報價。世界著名咨詢公司埃森哲在2013年的一項調查中發現，超過一半的消費者表示可能會使用比價網站作出投保決策。
英國的比價網站最發達，英國首個在線車險服務於2000年推出，英國車險業務也因此發生了根本性的變革，比價網站車險保單銷售比例日益增加。2012 年，來自互聯網和比價網站的車險銷售額己經佔到英國車險的44%。當然，比價網站為了打造品牌，也開始提供除了比較報價以外的服務，英國消費者己經將比價網站作為重要的財務建議來源。
在線風險交換
社交媒體催生出了個人P2P保險計劃。所謂個人P2P保險計劃，就是指通過社交媒體來創建團體，消費者可通過這些團體彼此承保風險或者與保險公司協商更好的保險條款。如開始於德國的Friendsurance、英國初創公司jFloat計劃、美國的Peercover計劃，都是通過科技讓希望獲取保險的人走到一起，並找到願意提供保障的人。
逆向拍賣平台
逆向拍賣平台是指保險公司或其分銷渠道在線提供保險的競價，由消費者選擇承保人的互聯網保險方式。如美國公司iX-change開發的基於網路的財產險及意外險逆向拍賣平台。
移動式保險
移動技術己經使保險公司可以隨時隨地與消費者進行互動。
移動技術在互聯網保險的模式創新上有兩種，一種是通過遠程信息處理技術進行保險創新，如美國Progressive Insurance Company的UBI保險創新(根據汽車的里程等使用數據確定保費的保險)。美國和歐洲的保險公司也引入了基於遠程技術的車險業務。
另一種是針對保費低而繳費頻次高的保險產品的創新。金額不大但頻繁收付費會增加保險公司的成本，也提高了產品定價。通過手機等移動設備上網或者以簡訊確認合同的方式進行承保，保險公司可以向更多客戶提供負擔得起的產品。非洲、亞洲、拉丁美洲的小額保險公司己經提供從意外險到壽險的一系列移動保險服務。