A. 求一篇 關於保險與經濟的英文論文 及翻譯 急等~
Catastrophe insurance and economic cycles
Nowadays, the world is changeable, whereas we are facing more and more disasters, such as: earthquakes, floods, droughts and other catastrophic outbreaks. Therefore, the catastrophe insurance plays more and more important role in our life. However, the catastrophe insurance is closely related with the economy.
B. 保險英語論文翻譯(一) 急!!! 在線等
摘要：
醫療保險是一項復雜的多屬性的產品，但由於購買方式的分歧會影響市場產出。我們研究這些分歧是基於對被保公司的影響。這種矛盾或分歧在團險市場的是否購買「全險」是顯得尤為嚴重。我們估計由於這種分歧引起多於四分之一的顧客從投保人轉變到承保人（1997年轉移了32.5十億美元）。我們的分析指出保險市場的這種矛盾同樣會對將來健康投資市場的積極性造成打壓。
簡介：
在美國，65歲以下美國公民的醫療保險都是通過被保公司委託商業保險公司辦理的。由於醫療保險是一項復雜多屬性的服務，被保公司在購買時面臨一個選擇難的問題。精明的購買者必須把以下及格問題考慮在內：在承保公司所能提供給的葯物是否是工人所需要的，誰是為保險公司提供服務的醫生，誰將為這些葯物，保險公司的工作和服務買單？購買保險時，當條款中包含承諾對棘手的突發事件的處理時顯得尤為困難的去選擇。
保險商提供的醫療保險和保險的多樣性使得行政費用的上升以及增加購買團險的復雜性。（霍爾2008，1）實力雄厚的被保公司可以通過僱傭專門的保險經理人處理保險事物實現「自我保險」。對於中小型被保公司，則選擇自行購買保險行政和保險。這類「全額投保及自行購保」的公司佔了大半市場，他們面臨繁瑣的搜尋購買過程。
PS：你為啥子要匿名？害得我從新申請個號碼給你回答，以前哪個號老是回答不起。你先不要給分，等我用另外的一個號回答後你再給我分，ok謝謝：）
哦，可能你不滿意我的回答呢，你看後滿意後再說吧。
PS 2： 有些小地方有修改。。你額可以把資料發到我qq，我幫你翻譯吧。反正我也沒事情做。
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C. 求一篇關於保險（Insurance）的英語文章
Please
tell
me
whether
I
need
to
purchase
a
foreign
student
policy.
告訴我是否我需要購買外國學生保險。
I'd
like
to
know
whether
basic
health
insurance
coverage
should
include
benefits
for
outpatient,
hospital,
surgery
and
medical
expenses.
我想知道基本健康保險所列的項目是否應包括醫院門診，住院，手術及葯品等費用的賠償。
Will
you
please
tell
me
where
I
can
purchase
health
insurance?
請告訴我在何處能買到健康保險？
D. 求保險投資的英文論文和中文翻譯
保險投資管理研究/Insurance Investment Management
中文關鍵詞 保險投資 投資方式選擇 投資階段選擇 投資風險控制
英文關鍵詞 insurance investment choice of investment mold choice of investment stages investment risk control
摘要隨著保險市場競爭的日趨加劇，投資收益已經成為保險公司最為主要的利潤來源，是保險公司償付能力額度增強的重要手段、是保險險種產品創新的重要推動力量、是提高保險企業競爭優勢的關鍵舉措。因此，對保險投資管理研究極具重要性。從國際資本市場發展情況看，在資本市場的發展與完善以及資本市場和保險投資管制的放鬆因素驅動的推動下，美國、日本的保險投資得到了大力的發展。發達國家保險投主體模式組建主要有三種，其一是，公司內設投資機構運作模式；其二是，委託專業的投資機構運作模式；其三是，投資管理公司運作模式。 從我國的具體發展情況看，我國保險投資起始於1984年。20世紀90年代，由於保險市場的主體的增加，競爭的加劇，保險投資的現狀得到了一定的改善。進入新世紀後，我國保險投資開始逐步取得較好的成績。當前我國現有保險投資工具主要有：銀行存款；債券，主要包括國庫券、金融債券、企業債券；以及證券投資基金。當前，我國保險投資存在的主要問題是：第一，保險投資過分依賴於銀行存款、債券，加劇壽險公司的利率風險；第二，保險投資限制過多使保險費率居高不下，不僅增加被保險人的負擔，而且容易導致保險人的費率惡性競爭；第三，保險投資的限制影響了保險投資組合管理策略的實施；第四，保險投資的限制在一定程度上制約了我國保險監管方式由靜態監管向動態監管發展；第五，保險投資限制和資本市場的缺陷嚴重阻礙了保險投資資產負債管理方式的運用。因此，我國保險投資管理的重點是加強對保險投資方式選擇和相關的策略研究。在保險投資方式上，要根據我國的具體國情、保險歷史、法律環境情況，充分考慮本國經濟發展的現實，不能盲目地與發達國家接軌。此外，根據我國資本市場和保險市場的現狀，保險投資渠道必須積極穩妥的擴大，保險投資必須有步驟分階段地進行。在不同階段應該實施不同的保險投資重點。具體說來，保險投資第一階段的重點是，加大金融債券的投資力度，擴大企業債券的投資比例；投資於穩定的基礎設施參與住房金融業；從事住房抵押貸款；開展保單質押貸款業務。保險投資第二階段的重點要轉移是，提高證券投資基金的投資比例、設立證券投資保險基金或資產管理公司、保險資金直接入市保險資金投資於不動產。保險投資第三階段重點則要定位為，保險投資與國際接軌，實現投資的國際化。此外，保險投資管理還必須加強風險管理的策略研究，一方面，要加強對保險公司投資風險的宏觀監管，要建立現金流量測試模型，公司現金流量測試要由各保險公司的精算師獨立完成，對財務比率分析、風險資本要求等指標進行靜態監管。另一方面，要加強保險公司對投資風險的管理。保險公司加強保險投資主體模式建設，防範保險投資風險；保險公司應該以內控機制為基礎，加強投資風險的防範；保險公司應該將投資管理從傳統的財務管理中分離出來，實行專業化的基金管理；靈活運用現代證券投資組合理論，充分發揮投資組合分散投資風險的功能。
Abstract In company with more and more cutthroat competition in insurance market, investment yield became the uppermost source of profits, promoted as the important measure for solvency, acted as the force power of proct innovation, played as the key for improving the enterprise』s competitive edge. Thereby, investment management of insurance is very important work. In term of international capital market, America and Japan have made a great progress in investment management of insurance under a boost in perfect capital market and relaxing the control of investment management of insurance. The mode of investment in western countries had three patterns: section of a enterprise which contain the investment organization; entrusting the professional organization; investment administration organization. In term of national capital market, China first went about investment management of insurance in 1984. The situation of investment management of insurance improved e to the increasing insurance market subject and the intensifying competition from 1990』s. Nowadays, the development of investment management of insurance getting better and better progressively. The object of insurance investment involved the bank deposit and bond, which including treasury bill, financial bond, corporate bond and security investment fund. The insurance investment in china concerned with the following problems for the present. First, the insurance investment overly dependent upon the bank deposit and bond, which led to increasing interest rate risk of life insurance corporation. Second, the insurance investment overly regulated the rate of premium, which give rise to high rate of premium, piling the pressure on insurants and concting the cut throat competition among the insurers. Third, the regulation on the insurance investment affected executing the stratagem of portfolio management. Fourth, the regulation on the insurance investment restricted the mold of supervise developing dynamically. Fifth, the regulation on the insurance investment and the imperfect market restricted the mold of the assets and liabilities operation. The key of managing the insurance investment is how to selecting the mold of investment and correlated strategies. In aspect of the mold of investment, we should select the strategies which approached to inhabitant. According to our capital market and insurance market status, the insurance investment should widen the channel step by step. First, the investment section of financial bond and corporate bond should increase. Second, the investment section of security investment fund should increase. Third, the insurance investment should make international. Moreover, the insurance investment should pay attention to risk management, which including macro-supervise and micro-supervise.
什麼是保險投資
保險投資指保險企業在組織經濟補償過程中，將積聚的各種保險資金加以運用，使資金增值的活動。
保險企業可運用的保險資金是由資本金、各項准備金和其他可積聚的資金組成。運用暫時閑置的大量准備金是保險資金運動的重要一環。投資能增加收入、增強賠付能力，使保險資金進入良性循環。
[編輯]保險投資的原則
保險投資原則是保險投資的依據。早在1862年，英國經濟學家貝利（A.A.Bailey）就提出了壽險業投資的五大原則，即：安全性；最高的實際收益率；部分資金投資於能迅速變現的證券；另一部分資金可投資於不能迅速變現的證券；投資應有利於壽險事業的發展。
隨著資本主義經濟發展，金融工具的多樣化，以及保險業競爭的加劇，保險投資面臨的風險性、收益性也同時提高，投資方式的選擇范圍更加廣闊。1948年英國精算師佩格勒（J.B.Pegler）修正貝利的觀點，提出壽險投資的四大原則：獲得最高預期收益；投資應盡量分散；投資結構多樣化；投資應將經濟效益和社會效益並重。
理論界一般認為保險投資有三大原則：安全性；收益性；流動性。
1、安全性原則
保險企業可運用的資金，除資本金外，主要是各種保險准備金，它們是資產負債表上的負債項目，是保險信用的承擔者。因此，保險投資應以安全為第一條件。安全性，意味著資金能如期收回，利潤或利息能如數收回。為保證資金運用的安全，必須選擇安全性較高的項目。為減少風險，要分散投資。
2、收益性原則
保險投資的目的，是為了提高自身的經濟效益，使投資收入成為保險企業收入的重要來源，增強賠付能力，降低費率和擴大業務。但在投資中，收益與風險是同增的，收益率高，風險也大，這就要求保險投資，把風險限制在一定程度內，實現收益最大化。
3、流動性原則
保險資金用於賠償給付，受偶然規律支配。因此，要求保險投資在不損失價值的前提下，能把資產立即變為現金，支付賠款或給付保險金。保險投資要設計多種方式，尋求多種渠道，按適當比例投資，從量的方面加以限制。要按不同險種特點，選擇方向。如人壽保險一般是長期合同，保險金額給付也較固定，流動性要求可低一些。國外人壽保險資金投資的相當部分是長期的不動產抵押貸款。財產險和責任險，一般是短期的，理賠迅速，賠付率變動大，應特別強調流動性原則。國外財產和責任保險資金投資的相當部分是商業票據、短期債券等。
在我國，保險公司的資金運用必須穩健，遵循安全性原則，並保證資產的保值增值。
[編輯]保險投資的形式
保險投資的形式是保險公司保險資金投放在哪些具體項目上。合理的投資形式，一方面可以保持保險企業財務穩定性和賠付的可靠性、及時性；另一方面可以避免資金的過份集中從而影響產業結構的合理性。
一般而言，保險資金可以投資於：
1、有價證券
有價證券主要有二種：
1）債券。包括政府債券、公司債券和金融債券等。一般地說，投資債券風險較小，尤其是政府債券。投資公司債券時，要特別注重該公司的資信和收益的可靠性。
2）股票。投資股票是有風險的，如果企業經營不善，效益不好，預期利息減少，以及影響股市的其他因素不佳，股票就會跌價。在國外對保險企業投資股票都有多種限制，如日本政府保險業法中規定購買股票不得超過總資產的30％。
2、抵押貸款
抵押貸款是指期限較長又較穩定的業務，特別適合壽險資金的長期運用。世界各國保險企業對住宅樓實行長期抵押貸款，大都採用分期償還、本金遞減的方式，收益較好。
3、壽險保單貸款
壽險保單具有現金價值。保險合同規定，保單持有人可以本人保單抵押向保險企業申請貸款，但需負擔利息，這種貸款屬保險投資性質。保單貸款金額限於保單當時的價值，貸款人不用償貸款，保單會失效，保險企業無需給付保險金。
實際上，在這種貸款中保險人不擔任何風險。在壽險發達國家，此項業務十分普遍。
4、不動產投資
不動產投資是指保險資金用於購買土地、房屋等不動產。此項投資的變現性較差，故只能限制在一定的比例之內。日本對保險企業購買不動產，規定不得超過其總資產的10％。
5、向為保險配套服務的企業投資
比如為保險汽車提供修理服務的汽車修理廠；為保險事故賠償服務的公證行或查勘公司等。這些企業與保險事業相關，把保險資金投向於這些企業，有利於保險事業的發展。
在我國，保險公司的資金運用，限於銀行存款、買賣政府債券、金融債券和國務院規定的其他資金運用等形式。並且特別明確規定，保險公司的資金不得用於設立證券經營機構和向企業投資。
E. 急急急！求關於保險資金投資方面的外文翻譯，中英文都有的那種！英文一萬字元，中文2500字，真的很急！
保險資金投資方面的外文翻譯什麼都沒指明呢。
F. 跪求關於 保險的起源與發展 的英文文章
Insurance was the idea of a man called LLoyd, who freqented the coffee houses of London.These coffee houses were meting places of businessmen, and the main business in London then was shipping. He would listen to the tales of businessmen who had lost their ships at sea, or had their cargoes hijacked by Pirates. LLoyd thought about this and came up with the idea of insuring these cargoes by insuring them for a premium. The first premium paid was for £100 for a ships cargo. Within six months, this business proved so successful that he opened offices in London. He based it ina building near the docks, and named it Lloyds House. That was the start of LLoyds of London which today, has a reputation second to none.
=====================================
Insurance in some form is as old as historical society. So-called bottomry contracts were known to merchants of Babylon as early as 4000–3000 bc. Bottomry was also practiced by the Hins in 600 bc and was well understood in ancient Greece as early as the 4th century bc. Under a bottomry contract, loans were granted to merchants with the provision that if the shipment was lost at sea the loan did not have to be repaid. The interest on the loan covered the insurance risk. Ancient Roman law recognized the bottomry contract in which an article of agreement was drawn up and funds were deposited with a money changer. Marine insurance became highly developed in the 15th century.
In Rome there were also burial societies that paid funeral costs of their members out of monthly es.
The insurance contract also developed early. It was known in ancient Greece and among other maritime nations in commercial contact with Greece.
G. 求一篇關於保險的外文論文全文，急求
我看可以的
H. 關於保險的英語作文
開關和保險絲
Switches and Fuses
An electric switch is often on a wall near the door of a room. Two wires lead to the lamp in the room. The switch is fixed in one of them. The switch can cause a break in this wire, and then the light goes. The switch can also join the two parts of the wire again, then we get a light.
Switch can control many different things. Small switches control lamps and radio sets because these do not take a large current, larger switches control electric fires. Other switches can control electric motors.
Good switches move quickly. They have to stop the current suddenly. If they move slowly, an electric spark appears. It jumps across the space between the two ends of the wire. This is unsafe and it heats the switch. Very big switches are sometimes placed in oil, Sparks do not easily jump through oil, and so the oil makes the switch safer.
A large current makes a wire hot. If the wire is very thin, even a small current makes it hot. This happens in an electric lamp.
The electric wires in a house are covered with some kind of insulation. No current can flow through the insulation, so the current can never flow straight from one wire to the other, but the insulation on old wires is often broken, then the copper of the two wires can touch. A large current may flow, and if this happens, the wires will get very hot. Then the house may catch fire.
Fuses can stop this trouble. A fuse is only a thin wire which is easily melted. It is fixed in a fuse-holder(保險盒). The fuse-holder is made of some material which cannot burn. A large current makes the fuse hot and then it melts away. We say that the fuse "blows(<保險絲>燒斷)". The wire is broken and no current can flow. So the house does not catch fire, but all the lights and electric fires go out because there is no current.
When a fuse blows, something is wrong. We must find the fault first. Perhaps two wires are touching. We must cover them with new insulation of some kind. Then we must find the blown fuse and repair it. We put a new piece of fuse- wire in the holder. (Sometimes we can find the right fuse- holder because it is rather warm, but the others are cold.) If we do not repair the fault first, the new fuse will blow immediately.
Some men get angry when a fuse blow. So they put a thick copper wire in the fuse-holder! Of course this does not easily melt; if the current rises suddenly, nothing stops it. The thick wire easily carries it. Then the wires of the house may get very hot and the house may catch fire. Some of the people in it may not be able to escape. They may lose their lives. So it is always best to use proper fuse-wire. This will keep everyone and everything in the house safe.
I. 哪位好人可以幫我找到一篇英文的關於保險業發展的論文或文章啊
From U.S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Actuaries
Nature of the Work
Working Conditions
Training, Other Qualifications, and Advancement
Employment
Job Outlook
Earnings
Related Occupations
Sources of Additional Information
Significant Points
A strong background in mathematics is essential; actuaries must pass a series of examinations to gain full professional status.
About 6 out of 10 actuaries are employed in the insurance instry.
Employment opportunities should remain good for those who qualify, because the stringent qualifying examination system restricts the number of candidates.
Nature of the Work [About this section] Back to Top
One of the main functions of actuaries is to help businesses assess the risk of certain events occurring and to formulate policies that minimize the cost of that risk. For this reason, actuaries are essential to the insurance instry. Actuaries assemble and analyze data to estimate the probability and likely cost of the occurrence of an event such as death, sickness, injury, disability, or loss of property. Actuaries also address financial questions, including those involving the level of pension contributions required to proce a certain retirement income and the way in which a company should invest resources to maximize its return on investments in light of potential risk. Using their broad knowledge of statistics, finance, and business, actuaries help design insurance policies, pension plans, and other financial strategies in a manner which will help ensure that the plans are maintained on a sound financial basis.
Most actuaries are employed in the insurance instry, specializing in life and health insurance or property and casualty insurance. They proce probability tables which determine the likelihood that a potential future event will generate a claim. From these tables, they estimate the amount a company can expect to pay in claims. For example, property and casualty actuaries calculate the expected amount payable in claims resulting from automobile accidents, an amount that varies with the insured person抯 age, sex, driving history, type of car, and other factors. Actuaries ensure that the price, or premium, charged for such insurance will enable the company to cover claims and other expenses. The premium must be profitable, yet competitive with other insurance companies. Within the life and health insurance fields, actuaries are helping to develop long-term-care insurance and annuity policies, the latter a growing investment tool for many indivials.
Actuaries in other financial services instries manage credit and price corporate security offerings. They also devise new investment tools to help their firms compete with other financial services companies. Pension actuaries working under the provisions of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) of 1974 evaluate pension plans covered by that Act and report on the plans?financial soundness to participants, sponsors, and Federal regulators. Actuaries working in government help manage social programs such as Social Security and Medicare.
Actuaries may play a role in determining company policy and may need to explain complex technical matters to company executives, government officials, shareholders, policyholders, or the public in general. They may testify before public agencies on proposed legislation affecting their businesses or explain changes in contract provisions to customers. They also may help companies develop plans to enter new lines of business or new geographic markets with existing lines of business by forecasting demand in competitive settings.
Both staff actuaries employed by businesses and consulting actuaries provide advice to clients on a contract basis. The ties of most consulting actuaries are similar to those of other actuaries. For example, some may evaluate company pension plans by calculating the future value of employee and employer contributions and determining whether the amounts are sufficient to meet the future needs of retirees. Others help companies rece their insurance costs by lowering the level of risk the companies assume. For instance, they may provide advice on how to lessen the risk of injury on the job, which will lower worker抯 compensation costs. Consulting actuaries sometimes testify in court regarding the value of the potential lifetime earnings of a person who is disabled or killed in an accident, the current value of future pension benefits (in divorce cases), or other values arrived at by complex calculations. Many consulting actuaries work in reinsurance, a field in which one insurance company arranges to share a large prospective liability policy with another insurance company in exchange for a percentage of the premium.
Working Conditions [About this section] Back to Top
Actuaries have desk jobs, and their offices usually are comfortable and pleasant. They often work at least 40 hours a week. Some actuaries—particularly consulting actuaries—may travel to meet with clients. Consulting actuaries also may experience more erratic employment and be expected to work more than 40 hours per week.
Training, Other Qualifications, and Advancement [About this section] Back to Top
Actuaries need a strong background in mathematics. Applicants for beginning actuarial jobs usually have a bachelor抯 degree in mathematics, actuarial science, statistics, or a business-related discipline such as economics, finance, or accounting. About 100 colleges and universities offer an actuarial science program, and most offer a degree in mathematics, statistics, economics, or finance. Some companies hire applicants without specifying a major, provided that the applicant has a working knowledge of mathematics, including calculus, probability, and statistics, and has demonstrated this knowledge by passing one or two actuarial exams required for professional designation. Courses in economics, accounting, finance, and insurance also are useful. Companies increasingly prefer well-rounded indivials who, in addition to having acquired a strong technical background, have some training in liberal arts and business and possess strong communication skills.
In addition to knowledge of mathematics, computer skills are becoming increasingly important. Actuaries should be able to develop and use spreadsheets and databases, as well as standard statistical analysis software. Knowledge of computer programming languages, such as Visual Basic, also is useful.
Two professional societies sponsor programs leading to full professional status in their specialty. The Society of Actuaries (SOA) administers a series of actuarial examinations in the life insurance, health benefits systems, retirement systems, and finance and investment fields. The Casualty Actuarial Society (CAS) gives a series of examinations in the property and casualty field, which includes fire, accident, medical malpractice, worker抯 compensation, and personal injury liability.
The first four exams in the SOA and CAS examination series are jointly sponsored by the two societies and cover the same material. For this reason, students do not need to commit themselves to a specialty until they have taken the initial examinations, which test an indivial抯 competence in probability, calculus, statistics, and other branches of mathematics. The first few examinations help students evaluate their potential as actuaries. Many prospective actuaries begin taking the exams in college with the help of self-study guides and courses. Those who pass one or more examinations have better opportunities for employment at higher starting salaries than those who do not.
After graating from college, most prospective actuaries gain on-the job experience at an insurance company or consulting firm, while at the same time working to complete the examination process. Actuaries are encouraged to finish the entire series of examinations as soon as possible, advancing first to the Associate level (with an ASA or ACAS designation) and then to the Fellowship level (FSA or FCAS designation). Advanced topics in the casualty field include investment and assets, dynamic financial analysis, and valuation of insurance. Candidates in the SOA examination series must choose a specialty—group and health benefits, indivial life and annuities, pensions, investments, or finance. Examinations are given twice a year, in the spring and the fall. Although many companies allot time to their employees for study, home study is required to pass the examinations, and many actuaries study for months to prepare for each examination. It is likewise common for employers to pay the hundreds of dollars for examination fees and study materials. Most actuaries reach the Associate level within 4 to 6 years and the Fellowship level a few years later.
Specific requirements apply to pension actuaries, who verify the financial status of defined benefit pension plans for the Federal Government. These actuaries must be enrolled by the Joint Board of the U.S. Treasury Department and the U.S. Department of Labor for the Enrollment of Actuaries. To qualify for enrollment, applicants must meet certain experience and examination requirements, as stipulated by the Board.
To perform their ties effectively, actuaries must keep up with current economic and social trends and legislation, as well as with health, business, finance, and economic developments that could affect insurance or investment practices. Good communication and interpersonal skills also are important, particularly for prospective consulting actuaries.
Beginning actuaries often rotate among different jobs in an organization to learn various actuarial operations and phases of insurance work, such as marketing, underwriting, and proct development. At first, they prepare data for actuarial projects or perform other simple tasks. As they gain experience, actuaries may supervise clerks, prepare correspondence, draft reports, and conct research. They may move from one company to another early in their careers as they advance to higher positions.
Advancement depends largely on job performance and the number of actuarial examinations passed. Actuaries with a broad knowledge of the insurance, pension, investment, or employee benefits fields can rise to administrative and executive positions in their companies. Actuaries with supervisory ability may advance to management positions in other areas, such as underwriting, accounting, data processing, marketing, and advertising. Some actuaries assume college and university faculty positions. (See the statement on teachers—postsecondary elsewhere in the Handbook.)
Employment [About this section] Back to Top
Actuaries held about 18,000 jobs in 2004, with 6 out of 10 employed in the insurance instry. A growing number of actuaries work for firms providing a variety of corporate services, especially management and public relations, or for firms offering consulting services. A relatively small number of actuaries are employed by security and commodity brokers or by government agencies.
Job Outlook [About this section] Back to Top
Employment of actuaries is expected to grow faster than average for all occupations through 2014. Employment opportunities should remain good for those who qualify, because the stringent qualifying examination system restricts the number of candidates. Employment growth in the insurance instry is expected to continue at a stable pace, while more significant job growth is likely in some other instries. In addition, a small number of jobs will open up each year to replace actuaries who leave the occupation to retire or who find new jobs.
Steady demand by the insurance instry—the largest employer of actuaries—should ensure the creation of new actuary jobs in this key instry over the projection period. Actuaries will continue to be needed to develop, price, and evaluate a variety of insurance procts and calculate the costs of new risks. Although employment of actuaries in life insurance had begun to decline recently, the growing popularity of annuities, a financial proct offered primarily by life insurance companies, has resulted in some job growth in this specialty. Also, new actuarial positions have been created in property-casualty insurance to analyze evolving risks, such as terrorism.
Some new employment opportunities for actuaries should also become available in the health care field as health care issues and Medicare reform continue to receive growing attention. Increased regulation of managed health care companies and the desire to contain health care costs will continue to provide job opportunities for actuaries, who will also be needed to evaluate the risks associated with new medical issues, such as genetic testing and the impact of new diseases. Others in this field are involved in drafting health care legislation.
A significant proportion of new actuaries will find employment with consulting firms. Companies that may not find it cost effective to hire their own actuaries are increasingly hiring consulting actuaries to analyze various risks. Other areas with notable growth prospects are information services and accounting services. Also, because actuarial skills are increasingly seen as useful to other instries that deal with risk, such as the airline and the banking instries, additional job openings may be created in these instries.
The best job prospects for entry-level positions will be for those candidates who have passed at least one or two of the initial actuarial exams. Candidates with additional knowledge or experience, such as those who possess computer programming skills, will be particularly attractive to employers. Most jobs in this occupation are located in urban areas, but opportunities vary by geographic location. States in which actuary jobs are concentrated include Illinois, New Jersey, New York, and Connecticut.
Earnings [About this section] Back to Top
Median annual earnings of actuaries were $76,340 in May 2004. The middle 50 percent earned between $54,770 and $107,650. According to the National Association of Colleges and Employers, annual starting salaries for graates with a bachelor抯 degree in actuarial science averaged $52,741 in 2005. Insurance companies and consulting firms give merit increases to actuaries as they gain experience and pass examinations. Some companies also offer cash bonuses for each professional designation achieved.
Related Occupations [About this section] Back to Top
Actuaries need a strong background in mathematics, statistics, and related fields. Other workers whose jobs involve related skills include accountants and auditors, budget analysts, economists, market and survey researchers, financial analysts and personal financial advisors, insurance underwriters, mathematicians, and statisticians.
Sources of Additional Information [About this section] Back to Top
Disclaimer:Links to non-BLS Internet sites are provided for your convenience and do not constitute an endorsement.
Career information on actuaries specializing in pensions is available from:
American Society of Pension Actuaries, 4245 N. Fairfax Dr., Suite 750, Arlington, VA 22203. Internet: http://www.aspa.org
For information about actuarial careers in life and health insurance, employee benefits and pensions, and finance and investments, contact:
Society of Actuaries (SOA), 475 N. Martingale Rd., Suite 600, Schaumburg, IL 60173-2226. Internet: http://www.soa.org
For information about actuarial careers in property and casualty insurance, contact:
Casualty Actuarial Society (CAS), 1100 N. Glebe Rd., Suite 600, Arlington, VA 22201-0425. Internet: http://www.casact.org
The SOA and CAS jointly sponsor a Web site for those interested in pursuing an actuarial career. Internet: http://www.BeAnActuary.org
For general information on a career as an actuary, contact:
American Academy of Actuaries, 1100 17th St. NW., 7th Floor, Washington, DC 20036. Internet: http://www.actuary.org
J. 我想要一篇有關於保險（什麼保險都行）的英文版論文，非常感謝
前農村社會養老保險制度存在的首要問題就是制度本身脫離中國農村實際。現有制度沒有充分考慮農村地區差別、個體差別大這個最現實的問題。一刀切、一個模式、一種